The field of cutaneous analgesia and spinal anaesthesia has evolved considerably, underpinning advances in pain management for surgical and diagnostic procedures. Cutaneous analgesia focuses on ...

A serious, undesirable effect of spinal anesthesia is high or total spinal block, with consequent cardiovascular and respiratory depression. Cardiovascular depression is induced by an extended block ...

Almost all pregnant women hope to give birth through natural or spontaneous labor. Unfortunately, in some cases, pregnant women are faced with several birthing options. For example, spinal anesthesia ...